人们过去认为
双语是一件坏事，它会
使人困惑或阻碍他人，尤其是
儿童。事实证明我们的想法
大错特错。学习新语言是一种
思维锻炼。这相当于每天去健身房锻炼的心理
相当于每天去健身房。
在双语大脑中，我们所有的语言
都是活跃的，应该同时
在说话时抑制一种语言
另一种语言，以及定期切换
带来的精神挑战
语言，锻炼我们的大脑。
它可以提高我们的注意力、解决问题的能力、记忆力，进而提高我们的创造力。
解决、记忆，进而
我们的创造力。
现在人们普遍认为
突破出现在 2007 年的
多伦多，当时 Ellen Bialystock 和她的
团队发现了一项震惊科学界的发现
并对现实世界产生了巨大的影响。
25
00:01:06,720 --> 00:01:08,720
这是第一项研究，
表明双语人士
会说多种语言的人
在 4 到 4 岁时患上痴呆症
半年后。比那些
不这样做的人晚，这是一个强有力的
确认认知储备的想法
。那么什么是
认知储备？认知储备是指
人们会开发出
思考能力的储备，这可以保护
他们免受衰老和疾病造成的损失。
以及
延缓痴呆症的发作，双语
人们已被证明在中风后恢复得更好
。
学习任何新东西都有助于建立
认知储备，但语言有一些特殊之处。
语言是
特别广泛和复杂。
它影响思想和概念，
感知，不同的声音。某种技能越复杂，就越有可能对认知储备产生积极影响。那么，什么时候是学习新语言的最佳时机呢？好吧，
以下是答案的一部分。大脑是一组某种技能越复杂，
就越有可能对认知储备产生积极影响。
那么什么时候是学习一门新语言的最佳时机？
好吧。以下是
部分答案。大脑是一个
复杂的神经网络。
当你还是个孩子时，你正在学习一门新语言
你正在建立新的网络。
但是当你在以后的生活中学习一门语言时
你必须修改现有的
网络并建立更多的
连接。因为
在以后的生活中学习语言可能会
更具挑战性，因此其好处也可能
更大。但2023 年
大奥蒙德街的一项研究
表明这只是故事的一部分。
所以我们邀请了三组年龄在 8 到 10 岁之间的孩子
其中一组孩子只会说一种语言
另一组孩子从出生起就开始接触希腊语和英语
他们是我们早期的双语者。
最后，我们有一群
在两岁到五岁之间接触英语
他们是我们后来的
双语者。所以我们所做的就是没有人做过的
我们要求
孩子们躺在扫描仪里，
什么也不做，只是盯着
十字架。在此期间，我们测量了他们的
大脑活动。我们发现
真正令人兴奋的是，我们早期的
双语组在静息状态下的网络连接性最强
而且
这组区域是
当我们什么都不做时会亮起
只是走神。有点像
如果你每天都去健身房，你的
肌肉在休息时可能看起来更大，而
同样，你的大脑在休息时可能会更好地连接
因为你
早期学习语言。这是
以前没有人发现过的东西。
还有更多。其中一个较小的
已知的行为影响
儿童和成人的双语能力
是能够看到其他人
的观点，或者理解
有可能有不同的
观点。最近的研究还发现，人们倾向于在第一语言中以更情绪化的方式做出反应，而在第二语言中则以更理性的方式做出反应。
还发现，人们倾向于
在第一语言中反应更情绪化
在第二语言中反应更理性
更抽象的方式。
通常的解释方式是
第一语言是我们在非正式场合与家人、朋友交谈时使用的语言。
我们经常和家人聊天，
第二种
语言通常是在学校、
大学、工作中学习的。
科学家正在发现双语学习的新好处
而且受益的不仅仅是我们的大脑。
受益的不只是我们的大脑。
学习新语言并说多种语言
非常重要，不仅对个人如此
而且对社会也同样如此
学习新语言
可以打开通往新世界的大门
文化体验、生活
机会、不同的人、
不同的社区。以及不同的
看待世界的方式。
然后，我们最后说一句
再见。
---------------------------------------
It used to be thought that being
bilingual was a bad thing, that it would
confuse or hold people back, especially
children. Turns out we couldn't have been
more wrong. Learning new languages is an
exercise of the mind. It's the mental
equivalent of going to a gym every day.
In the bilingual brain, all our languages
are active, all at the same time should
be. The continued effort of
suppressing a language when speaking
another, along with the mental challenge
that comes with regularly switching
between languages, exercises our brain.
It improves our concentration, problem
solving, memory, and in turn,
our creativity.
It's now widely accepted that there are
huge benefits to being bilingual. A key
breakthrough came back in 2007 in
Toronto, when Ellen Bialystock and her
team made a discovery that shook the
scientific community and has massive
real-world implications.
It was the first study which
suggested that bilingual people,
people who speak more than one language,
developed dementia 4 to 4
1/2 years later. Later than those who
don't, it was a powerful
confirmation of the idea of cognitive
reserve. Now what is
cognitive reserve?Cognitive reserve is
the idea that people develop a reserve of
thinking abilities, and this protects
them against losses that can occur
through ageing and disease. As well as
delaying the onset of dementia, bilingual
people have been shown to recover
significantly better after a stroke.
Learning anything new helps build
cognitive reserve, but there's something
special about language. Language is
particularly broad and complex.
It affects ideas and concepts,
perception, different sounds. The more
complex a certain skill is,
the more likely it is to have a positive
effect on cognitive reserve.
So when is the best time to learn a new
language?Well. Here's
part of the answer. The brain is a
complex set of neural networks. When
you're learning a new language as a
child, you're building new networks.
But when you learn a language later in
life, you have to modify the existing
networks and make more
connections. Because
learning languages later in life can be
more challenging, the benefits can also
be greater. But a
2023 study at Great Ormond St.
suggests this is just part of the story.
So we invited three groups of children
that were aged 8 to 10, and we had a
group of children who were monolinguals,
a group of children who had early
exposure to Greek and English from birth.
They were our early bilinguals. And
finally, we had a group who had been
exposed to English between the ages of
two and five, and they were our later
bilinguals. So what we did that no one
had done before is that we asked the
children to lie in the scanner while
doing nothing and just staring at a
cross. And during this we measured their
brain activity. So what we found that was
really exciting for us is that our early
bilingual group had the strongest
connectivity in the network at rest. And
this group of regions are regions that
light up when we're doing nothing and
just mind wandering. A little bit like if
you're going to the gym every day, your
muscles might look bigger at rest, while
similarly your brain might be better
connected at rest because you are
learning a language early. And this is
something no one had found before.
And there's more. One lesser
known behavioral effect of
bilingualism in both children and adults
is the ability to see the other
people's perspective, or to understand
that it is possible to have different
points of view. Recent studies have
also found that people tend to
react more emotionally in their
first language and more rational in a
more abstract way in the second.
And the way it is usually explained is
that the first language is the one which
we use to speak with family, with
friends, in informal settings. The second
language is usually learned at school, at
the university, at work.
Scientists are discovering new upsides to
being bilingual all the time, and it's
not just our brains that benefit.
Learning new languages and speaking more
than one language is very important, not
only for individuals but also for
societies. Learning new languages
can open doors to new
cultural experiences, life
opportunities, different people,
different communities. And different
ways of seeing the world.
And with that, we'll say a final
Goodbye.
Bye.
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